Proof of Water
Summary (Dec 07, 2004): The evidence supporting a watery past on Mars is summarized by the rover team in their recent synopsis of early Opportunity results in Science magazine. According to Mark Lemmon of Texas A&M University, proof of water begins in the clouds but mostly remains locked in the geology.

Display Options:

---

Proof of Water

based on TAMU report

Cover of Science Magazine devoted to Opportunity rover initial results. Credit:NASA/ JPL

One of the primary goals of the rover missions was to learn once and for all if liquid water ever existed on the red planet. That question has now been answered, indicates Mark Lemmon of Texas A&M University's College of Geosciences.

"The conclusion of the entire team, backed by substantial evidence, is that water was indeed present on Mars," said Lemmon. Lemmon is one of the rover team scientists and lead author on the atmospheric comparisons between different sites on Mars. The comparison was highlighted in the recent Science magazine issue devoted to Opportunity's early results.

"The proof is there in several ways. There are sulfates present on Mars that were left behind when the water evaporated, plus other salts that show the definite presence of water long ago.

"Also, Opportunity examined rocks that show evidence of 'cross-bedding,' meaning ripples of water once flowed over them. There are also mineral deposits we call blueberries, and on Earth we know these formations only appear if water is present.

"So the answer, without a doubt, is yes, liquid water was once on Mars. So far, we have not seen any evidence that liquid water is currently on Mars."

The presence of water could mean that life - in some form - existed on Mars.

Lemmon says the atmosphere of Mars contains water, but in miniscule amounts.

"Even though we are currently seeing frequent clouds with Opportunity, if you squeezed all of the water out of the atmosphere, it would only be less than 100 microns deep, about the thickness of a human hair," he said.

Atmospheric Imaging Results from the Mars Exploration Rovers: Spirit and Opportunity [abstract from Science Magazine, Lemmon, et al.] "A visible atmospheric optical depth of 0.9 was measured by the Spirit rover at Gusev crater and by the Opportunity rover at Meridiani Planum. Optical depth decreased by about 0.6 to 0.7% per sol through both 90-sol primary missions. The vertical distribution of atmospheric dust at Gusev crater was consistent with uniform mixing, with a measured scale height of 11.56 ± 0.62 kilometers. The dust's cross section weighted mean radius was 1.47 ± 0.21 micrometers (mm) at Gusev and 1.52 ± 0.18 mm at Meridiani. Comparison of visible optical depths with 9-mm optical depths shows a visible-to-infrared optical depth ratio of 2.0 ± 0.2 for comparison with previous monitoring of infrared optical depths." Credit:NASA/ JPL

Because of the lack of water, weather on Mars has a lot to do with dust in the atmosphere. A small dust storm one month before the rovers landed spread small amounts of dust around the planet.

"Both rovers saw very dusty skies at first. It was only after the dust settled after a few months that Spirit could see the rim of the crater it was in, Gusev Crater, about 40 miles away," Lemmon said.

British scientists have speculated that the British Mars Lander, Beagle 2, crashed because the atmosphere was thinner than usual as a result of heating caused by atmospheric dust from the December storm.

"The other key question is when the liquid water was last present on Mars. Was it a few thousand years ago or billions of years ago?" he points out.

"We know that Mars is about four billion years old. We assume that water was there at any time from one to four billion years ago, but we don't when the last time water was present."

Lemmon says the rock samples and mineral deposits tend to point to a large area of water that once existed on Mars, such as a lake or even a sea. "The marks on some of the rocks and other evidence suggest standing water," he says.

"But whether this was once an ocean or other large body of water, we just don't know."

The next phase in the $820 million NASA mission will have Opportunity examining the heat shield that protected it when it landed, and also have it travel to another crater.Because the rovers use solar power and sunlight is currently limited on Mars, the rovers can only cover from 50 to 100 feet on a good day.

Spirit will continue climbing to the top of Husband Hill, informally named after the Columbia commander Rick Husband, and the tallest hill in the area. The rovers are funded by NASA to collect data and send back photos through March, Lemmon says, but no one knows how long they will keep working. The rovers were originally designed only to operate through April 2004.

Burns Cliff Cloud Cover. Click image for larger view. Image Credit: NASA/JPL

Lemmon is participating in another Mars mission in 2007 called Phoenix, which will go to Mars' north polar region and dig into a permafrost layer to search for evidence that Mars was habitable when the permafrost was liquid

---

MER flight planning chronicled in the diary of the principal investigator for the science packages, Dr. Steven Squyres: Parts 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 .

Related Web Pages

Steve Squyres
Cornell Mars Site
Mars Exploration Rovers, JPL
NASA's RATs Go Roving on Mars
Water Signs
Microscopic Imager
Gusev Crater
Pancam- Surveying the Martian Scene
Mössbauer spectrometer
Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer

Note: Mars Life

---

Display Options:

Tuesday, December 07, 2004