Parrotting Zero

Summary (Jul 10, 2005): During the course of human evolution, our ancestors eventually grasped the abstract concept of counting nothing, or 'zero'. Is this a unique component of human intelligence? Or does one of the most sophisticated abstractions discovered yet among animals tell us anything about the evolution of intelligence, on Earth or elsewhere?

Display Options:

Parrotting Zero

based on Brandeis release

Terrestrial Origins Briefing

Earth with liquid water, is more than 3.6 billion years old

cellular life has been around for at least half of Earth's history

birds or mammals didn't exist until 250 million years ago

the majority of past and current organisms either have already or will go extinct

for the last 2 million years, the earth's biota resembles the current land mix

notable exception are recent megafauna like mammoths, giant sloths and saber-tooth tigers

many current species (e.g. horses) can mate both intra- and interspecies (but produce sterile hybrids, mules)

an extreme example of rapid evolution, the hominid cerebellum doubled in size within 100,000 years, but at a miniscule 0.02% increase per generation

one of the fastest rates of evolution in the fossil record translates to 0.06% character change per generation
Credit: NASA

A Brandeis University researcher has shown that an African grey parrot with a walnut-sized brain understands a numerical concept akin to zero - an abstract notion that humans don't typically understand until age three or four, and that can significantly challenge learning-disabled children

Strikingly, Alex, the 28-year-old parrot who lives in a Brandeis lab run by comparative psychologist and cognitive scientist Dr. Irene Pepperberg, spontaneously and correctly used the label "none" during a testing session of his counting skills to describe an absence of a numerical quantity on a tray. This discovery prompted a series of trials in which Alex consistently demonstrated the ability to identify zero quantity by saying the label "none."

Dr. Pepperberg's research findings, published in the current issue of The Journal of Comparative Psychology, add to a growing body of scientific evidence that the avian brain, though physically and organizationally somewhat different from the mammalian cortex, is capable of higher cognitive processing than previously thought. Chimpanzees and possibly squirrel monkeys show some understanding of the concept of zero, but Alex is the first bird to demonstrate an understanding of the absence of a numerical set, Dr. Pepperberg noted.

"It is doubtful that Alex's achievement, or those of some other animals such as chimps, can be completely trained; rather, it seems likely that these skills are based on simpler cognitive abilities they need for survival, such as recognition of more versus less," explained Dr. Pepperberg.

Alex had previously used the label "none" to describe an absence of similarity or difference between two objects, but he had never been taught the concept of zero quantity. "Alex has a zero-like concept; it's not identical to ours but he repeatedly showed us that he understands an absence of quantity," said Dr. Pepperberg.

Historically, the use of "zero" to label a null set has not always been obvious even in human cultures, which in many cases lacked a formal term for zero as recently as the late Middle Ages. The value of number research lies mainly in its ability to help determine the extent of animal cognition and animals' potential for more complex capacities. To that end, Dr. Pepperberg's studies on the avian brain are continuing with research into Alex's ability to count, as well as add and subtract small quantities.

Yet significantly, Dr. Pepperberg's research, which uses a training method called the model-rival technique, also holds promise for teaching autistic and other learning-disabled children who have difficulty learning language, numerical concepts and even empathy.

The model rival technique involves two trainers, one to give instructions, and one to model correct and incorrect responses and to act as the student's rival for the trainer's attention; the model and trainer also exchange roles so that the student sees that the process is fully interactive. The student, in this case, a middle-aged parrot, tries to reproduce the correct behavior. So far, results using this learning technique with small groups of autistic children, taught by Diane Sherman, PhD, in Monterey, CA, have been very promising, said Dr. Pepperberg.

"This kind of research is changing the way we think about birds and intelligence, but it also helps us break down barriers to learning in humans - and the importance of such strides cannot be underestimated," said Dr. Pepperberg.

Related Web Pages

Entropy and Evolution
Olympics on Animal Planet
Doyle's Whale Study, SETI
Aliens Depend on Time to Grow Brain
Dr. Doolittle in the Doghouse
Running Key to Shapely Human
Chickadee Intelligence

Note: Terrestrial Origins

Display Options:

Sunday, July 10, 2005