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Firing Up for Jupiter
Summary (Dec 27, 2003): An ambitious probe in the planning stages for investigating Jupiter's moons passed an important engine test this month. Using an electrical kickstart from what is called an ion engine provides the kind of efficient, but slow impulse, that can back up plans for much larger nuclear power. The probe, called the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter or JIMO, may require a boosted total output ten times larger than earlier spacecraft. The flagship investigation targets Jupiter's moons because of interest in their mysterious, frozen oceans.Display Options:                |
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| High resolution close-up of Io's volcanic surface Credit: NASA/Galileo |
The firing event marked the first performance test of the Nuclear Electric Xenon Ion System (Nexis) ion engine at the high- efficiency, high-power, and high-thrust operating conditions needed for use in nuclear electric propulsion applications. For this test the Nexis engine was powered using commercial utility electrical power. Ion engines used on the proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter spacecraft would draw their power from an on-board space nuclear reactor. The ion engines, or electric thrusters, would propel the orbiter around each of the icy worlds orbiting Jupiter -- Ganymede, Callisto and Europa -- to conduct extensive, close-range exploration of their makeup, history and potential for sustaining life.
"On the very first day of performance testing, the Nexis thruster demonstrated one of the highest efficiencies of any xenon ion thruster ever tested," said Dr. James Polk, the principal investigator of the ion engine under development at JPL.
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| The Deep Space One probe demonstrated the efficiency of ion engine propulsion Image Credit: NASA/ JPL |
The test was conducted on December 12, in the same vacuum chamber at JPL where earlier this year, the Deep Space 1 flight spare ion thruster set the all time endurance record of 30,352 hours (nearly 3.5 years) of continuous operation. The Nexis engine operated at a power level of over 20 kilowatts, nearly 10 times that of the Deep Space 1 thruster, which enables greater thrust and ultimately higher spacecraft velocities for a given spacecraft mass. It is designed to process two metric tons of propellant, 10 times the capability of the Deep Space 1 engine, and operate for 10 years, two to three times the Deep Space 1 thruster life.
Team members working on the Nexis engine also helped develop the first ion engine ever flown on NASA's highly successful Deep Space 1 mission, which validated 12 high-risk advanced technologies, among them the use of the first ion engine in space.
"The Nexis thruster is a larger, high performance descendant of the Deep Space 1 thruster that achieves its extraordinary life by replacing the metal, previously used in key components, with advanced carbon based materials," said Tom Randolph, the Nexis program manager at JPL. "The thruster's revolutionary performance results from an extensive design process including simulations using detailed computer models developed and validated with the Deep Space 1 life test, and other component test data."
Unlike the short, high-thrust burns of most chemical rocket engines that use solid or liquid fuels, the ion engine emits only a faint blue glow of electrically charged atoms of xenon - the same gas found in photo flash tubes and in many lighthouse bulbs. The thrust from the engine is as gentle as the force exerted by a sheet of paper held in the palm of your hand. Over the long haul though, the engine can deliver 20 times as much thrust per kilogram of fuel than traditional rockets.
Key to the ion technology is its high exhaust velocity. The ion engine can run on a few hundred grams of propellant per day, making it lightweight. Less weight means less cost to launch, yet an ion-propelled spacecraft can go much faster and farther than any other spacecraft.
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| Prototype of nuclear-fueled JIMO spacecraft, with its heavily finned shape Image Credit: NASA/ JPL |
"This test, in combination with the recent test of the High Power Electric Propulsion ion engine at NASA's Glenn Research Center, is another example of the progress we are making in developing the technologies needed to support flagship space exploration missions throughout the solar system and beyond," said Alan Newhouse, director, Project Prometheus. "We have challenged our team with difficult performance goals and they are demonstrating their ability to be creative in overcoming technical challenges."
NASA's Project Prometheus is making strategic investments in space nuclear fission power and electric propulsion technologies that would enable a new class of missions to the outer Solar System, with capabilities far beyond those possible with current power and propulsion systems.
The first such mission under study, the Jupiter Icy Moon Orbiter would launch in the next decade and provide NASA significantly improved scientific and telecommunications capabilities and mission design options. Instead of generating only hundreds of watts of electricity like the Cassini or Galileo missions, which used radioisotope thermoelectric generators, the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter could have up to tens of thousands of watts of power, increasing the potential science return many times over. The spacecraft would be the first in a series of robotic NASA probes that rely on uranium-fueled fission reactors to generate large amounts of electricity. While probes such as Galileo and Cassini have made do with hundreds of watts of electricity, Jimo might have ten time that much power for its thrusters and instruments, said Torrence Johnson of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Development of the Nexis ion engine is being carried out by a team of engineers from JPL; Aerojet, Redmond, Wash.; Boeing Electron Dynamic Devices, Torrance, Calif.; NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.; Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.; and the Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, Calif.
Related Web Pages
JIMO Science, JPLFinding JIMO
Europa: Frozen Ocean in Motion
Io: Moon On Fire
Galileo Joins Jupiter, Literally
Discovering New Worlds
Jupiter: Moon Festival
Salty Volcanoes on Jovian Moon
Galileo Home Page
Europan Diary
Note: Life and Giant Planets
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Saturday, December 27, 2003
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